All Classes

Class	Description
Abs	Absolute value function.
AbstractConvergenceChecker<PAIR>	Base class for all convergence checker implementations.
AbstractConvergenceChecker<PAIR>	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
AbstractCurveFitter	Base class that contains common code for fitting parametric univariate real functions y = f(pi;x), where x is the independent variable and the pi are the parameters.
AbstractCurveFitter.TheoreticalValuesFunction	Vector function for computing function theoretical values.
AbstractDifferentiableOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
AbstractDifferentiableUnivariateSolver	Deprecated. as of 3.1, replaced by AbstractUnivariateDifferentiableSolver
AbstractEvaluation	An implementation of LeastSquaresProblem.Evaluation that is designed for extension.
AbstractFieldIntegrator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	Base class managing common boilerplate for all integrators.
AbstractFieldMatrix<T extends FieldElement<T>>	Basic implementation of FieldMatrix methods regardless of the underlying storage.
AbstractFieldStepInterpolator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This abstract class represents an interpolator over the last step during an ODE integration.
AbstractFormat	Common part shared by both FractionFormat and BigFractionFormat.
AbstractIntegerDistribution	Base class for integer-valued discrete distributions.
AbstractIntegrator	Base class managing common boilerplate for all integrators.
AbstractLeastSquaresOptimizer	Deprecated. All classes and interfaces in this package are deprecated.
AbstractLeastSquaresOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
AbstractLinearOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
AbstractListChromosome<T>	Chromosome represented by an immutable list of a fixed length.
AbstractMultipleLinearRegression	Abstract base class for implementations of MultipleLinearRegression.
AbstractMultivariateRealDistribution	Base class for multivariate probability distributions.
AbstractOptimizationProblem<PAIR>	Base class for implementing optimization problems.
AbstractParameterizable	This abstract class provides boilerplate parameters list.
AbstractPolynomialSolver	Base class for solvers.
AbstractRandomGenerator	Abstract class implementing the RandomGenerator interface.
AbstractRealDistribution	Base class for probability distributions on the reals.
AbstractRealMatrix	Basic implementation of RealMatrix methods regardless of the underlying storage.
AbstractRegion<S extends Space,T extends Space>	Abstract class for all regions, independently of geometry type or dimension.
AbstractScalarDifferentiableOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
AbstractSimplex	This class implements the simplex concept.
AbstractSimplex	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
AbstractStepInterpolator	This abstract class represents an interpolator over the last step during an ODE integration.
AbstractStorelessUnivariateStatistic	Abstract implementation of the StorelessUnivariateStatistic interface.
AbstractSubHyperplane<S extends Space,T extends Space>	This class implements the dimension-independent parts of SubHyperplane.
AbstractUnivariateDifferentiableSolver	Provide a default implementation for several functions useful to generic solvers.
AbstractUnivariateSolver	Base class for solvers.
AbstractUnivariateStatistic	Abstract base class for all implementations of the UnivariateStatistic interface.
AbstractWell	This abstract class implements the WELL class of pseudo-random number generator from François Panneton, Pierre L'Ecuyer and Makoto Matsumoto.
Acos	Arc-cosine function.
Acosh	Hyperbolic arc-cosine function.
Action	Enumerate for actions to be performed when an event occurs during ODE integration.
AdamsBashforthFieldIntegrator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class implements explicit Adams-Bashforth integrators for Ordinary Differential Equations.
AdamsBashforthIntegrator	This class implements explicit Adams-Bashforth integrators for Ordinary Differential Equations.
AdamsFieldIntegrator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	Base class for Adams-Bashforth and Adams-Moulton integrators.
AdamsIntegrator	Base class for Adams-Bashforth and Adams-Moulton integrators.
AdamsMoultonFieldIntegrator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class implements implicit Adams-Moulton integrators for Ordinary Differential Equations.
AdamsMoultonIntegrator	This class implements implicit Adams-Moulton integrators for Ordinary Differential Equations.
AdamsNordsieckFieldTransformer<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	Transformer to Nordsieck vectors for Adams integrators.
AdamsNordsieckTransformer	Transformer to Nordsieck vectors for Adams integrators.
AdaptiveStepsizeFieldIntegrator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This abstract class holds the common part of all adaptive stepsize integrators for Ordinary Differential Equations.
AdaptiveStepsizeIntegrator	This abstract class holds the common part of all adaptive stepsize integrators for Ordinary Differential Equations.
Add	Add the two operands.
AggregateSummaryStatistics	An aggregator for SummaryStatistics from several data sets or data set partitions.
AgrestiCoullInterval	Implements the Agresti-Coull method for creating a binomial proportion confidence interval.
AkimaSplineInterpolator	Computes a cubic spline interpolation for the data set using the Akima algorithm, as originally formulated by Hiroshi Akima in his 1970 paper "A New Method of Interpolation and Smooth Curve Fitting Based on Local Procedures." J.
AklToussaintHeuristic	A simple heuristic to improve the performance of convex hull algorithms.
AllowedSolution	The kinds of solutions that a (bracketed univariate real) root-finding algorithm may accept as solutions.
AlternativeHypothesis	Represents an alternative hypothesis for a hypothesis test.
AnyMatrix	Interface defining very basic matrix operations.
Arc	This class represents an arc on a circle.
ArcsSet	This class represents a region of a circle: a set of arcs.
ArcsSet.InconsistentStateAt2PiWrapping	Specialized exception for inconsistent BSP tree state inconsistency.
ArcsSet.Split	Class holding the results of the split method.
ArgUtils	Utility class for transforming the list of arguments passed to constructors of exceptions.
ArithmeticUtils	Some useful, arithmetics related, additions to the built-in functions in Math.
Array2DRowFieldMatrix<T extends FieldElement<T>>	Implementation of FieldMatrix using a FieldElement[][] array to store entries.
Array2DRowRealMatrix	Implementation of RealMatrix using a double[][] array to store entries.
ArrayFieldVector<T extends FieldElement<T>>	This class implements the FieldVector interface with a FieldElement array.
ArrayRealVector	This class implements the RealVector interface with a double array.
Asin	Arc-sine function.
Asinh	Hyperbolic arc-sine function.
Atan	Arc-tangent function.
Atan2	Arc-tangent function.
Atanh	Hyperbolic arc-tangent function.
AVLTree<T extends Comparable<T>>	Deprecated. as of 3.4, this class is not used anymore and considered to be out of scope of Apache Commons Math
BaseAbstractMultivariateOptimizer<FUNC extends MultivariateFunction>	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
BaseAbstractMultivariateSimpleBoundsOptimizer<FUNC extends MultivariateFunction>	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
BaseAbstractMultivariateVectorOptimizer<FUNC extends MultivariateVectorFunction>	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
BaseAbstractUnivariateIntegrator	Provide a default implementation for several generic functions.
BaseAbstractUnivariateOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
BaseAbstractUnivariateSolver<FUNC extends UnivariateFunction>	Provide a default implementation for several functions useful to generic solvers.
BaseMultiStartMultivariateOptimizer<PAIR>	Base class multi-start optimizer for a multivariate function.
BaseMultivariateMultiStartOptimizer<FUNC extends MultivariateFunction>	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
BaseMultivariateOptimizer<PAIR>	Base class for implementing optimizers for multivariate functions.
BaseMultivariateOptimizer<FUNC extends MultivariateFunction>	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
BaseMultivariateSimpleBoundsOptimizer<FUNC extends MultivariateFunction>	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
BaseMultivariateVectorMultiStartOptimizer<FUNC extends MultivariateVectorFunction>	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
BaseMultivariateVectorOptimizer<FUNC extends MultivariateVectorFunction>	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
BaseOptimizer<PAIR>	Base class for implementing optimizers.
BaseOptimizer<PAIR>	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
BaseRuleFactory<T extends Number>	Base class for rules that determines the integration nodes and their weights.
BaseSecantSolver	Base class for all bracketing Secant-based methods for root-finding (approximating a zero of a univariate real function).
BaseSecantSolver.Method	Secant-based root-finding methods.
BaseUnivariateOptimizer<FUNC extends UnivariateFunction>	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
BaseUnivariateSolver<FUNC extends UnivariateFunction>	Interface for (univariate real) rootfinding algorithms.
BesselJ	This class provides computation methods related to Bessel functions of the first kind.
BesselJ.BesselJResult	Encapsulates the results returned by BesselJ.rjBesl(double, double, int).
Beta	This is a utility class that provides computation methods related to the Beta family of functions.
BetaDistribution	Implements the Beta distribution.
BicubicInterpolatingFunction	Function that implements the bicubic spline interpolation.
BicubicInterpolator	Generates a bicubic interpolating function.
BicubicSplineInterpolatingFunction	Deprecated. as of 3.4 replaced by PiecewiseBicubicSplineInterpolatingFunction
BicubicSplineInterpolator	Deprecated. as of 3.4 replaced by PiecewiseBicubicSplineInterpolator
BigFraction	Representation of a rational number without any overflow.
BigFractionField	Representation of the fractional numbers without any overflow field.
BigFractionFormat	Formats a BigFraction number in proper format or improper format.
BigReal	Arbitrary precision decimal number.
BigRealField	Representation of real numbers with arbitrary precision field.
BinaryChromosome	Chromosome represented by a vector of 0s and 1s.
BinaryMutation	Mutation for BinaryChromosomes.
BinomialConfidenceInterval	Interface to generate confidence intervals for a binomial proportion.
BinomialDistribution	Implementation of the binomial distribution.
BinomialTest	Implements binomial test statistics.
BisectionSolver	Implements the bisection algorithm for finding zeros of univariate real functions.
BitsStreamGenerator	Base class for random number generators that generates bits streams.
BivariateFunction	An interface representing a bivariate real function.
BivariateGridInterpolator	Interface representing a bivariate real interpolating function where the sample points must be specified on a regular grid.
BlockFieldMatrix<T extends FieldElement<T>>	Cache-friendly implementation of FieldMatrix using a flat arrays to store square blocks of the matrix.
BlockRealMatrix	Cache-friendly implementation of RealMatrix using a flat arrays to store square blocks of the matrix.
BOBYQAOptimizer	Powell's BOBYQA algorithm.
BOBYQAOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
BoundaryAttribute<S extends Space>	Class holding boundary attributes.
BoundaryProjection<S extends Space>	Class holding the result of point projection on region boundary.
BracketedRealFieldUnivariateSolver<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	Interface for (univariate real) root-finding algorithms that maintain a bracketed solution.
BracketedUnivariateSolver<FUNC extends UnivariateFunction>	Interface for (univariate real) root-finding algorithms that maintain a bracketed solution.
BracketFinder	Provide an interval that brackets a local optimum of a function.
BracketFinder	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
BracketingNthOrderBrentSolver	This class implements a modification of the Brent algorithm.
BracketingNthOrderBrentSolverDFP	Deprecated. as of 3.6 replaced with FieldBracketingNthOrderBrentSolver
BrentOptimizer	For a function defined on some interval (lo, hi), this class finds an approximation x to the point at which the function attains its minimum.
BrentOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
BrentSolver	This class implements the Brent algorithm for finding zeros of real univariate functions.
BSPTree<S extends Space>	This class represent a Binary Space Partition tree.
BSPTree.LeafMerger<S extends Space>	This interface gather the merging operations between a BSP tree leaf and another BSP tree.
BSPTree.VanishingCutHandler<S extends Space>	This interface handles the corner cases when an internal node cut sub-hyperplane vanishes.
BSPTreeVisitor<S extends Space>	This interface is used to visit BSP tree nodes.
BSPTreeVisitor.Order	Enumerate for visit order with respect to plus sub-tree, minus sub-tree and cut sub-hyperplane.
CanberraDistance	Calculates the Canberra distance between two points.
CardanEulerSingularityException	This class represents exceptions thrown while extractiong Cardan or Euler angles from a rotation.
CauchyDistribution	Implementation of the Cauchy distribution.
Cbrt	Cube root function.
Ceil	ceil function.
CentralPivotingStrategy	A mid point strategy based on the average of begin and end indices.
CentroidCluster<T extends Clusterable>	A Cluster used by centroid-based clustering algorithms.
ChebyshevDistance	Calculates the L∞ (max of abs) distance between two points.
ChiSquaredDistribution	Implementation of the chi-squared distribution.
ChiSquareTest	Implements Chi-Square test statistics.
CholeskyDecomposition	Calculates the Cholesky decomposition of a matrix.
Chromosome	Individual in a population.
ChromosomePair	A pair of Chromosome objects.
Circle	This class represents an oriented great circle on the 2-sphere.
ClassicalRungeKuttaFieldIntegrator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class implements the classical fourth order Runge-Kutta integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations (it is the most often used Runge-Kutta method).
ClassicalRungeKuttaIntegrator	This class implements the classical fourth order Runge-Kutta integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations (it is the most often used Runge-Kutta method).
ClopperPearsonInterval	Implements the Clopper-Pearson method for creating a binomial proportion confidence interval.
Cluster<T extends Clusterable>	Cluster holding a set of Clusterable points.
Cluster<T extends Clusterable<T>>	Deprecated. As of 3.2 (to be removed in 4.0), use Cluster instead
Clusterable	Interface for n-dimensional points that can be clustered together.
Clusterable<T>	Deprecated. As of 3.2 (to be removed in 4.0), use Clusterable instead
Clusterer<T extends Clusterable>	Base class for clustering algorithms.
ClusterEvaluator<T extends Clusterable>	Base class for cluster evaluation methods.
CMAESOptimizer	An implementation of the active Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) for non-linear, non-convex, non-smooth, global function minimization.
CMAESOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
CMAESOptimizer.PopulationSize	Population size.
CMAESOptimizer.PopulationSize	Population size.
CMAESOptimizer.Sigma	Input sigma values.
CMAESOptimizer.Sigma	Input sigma values.
Combinations	Utility to create combinations (n, k) of k elements in a set of n elements.
CombinatoricsUtils	Combinatorial utilities.
Complex	Representation of a Complex number, i.e.
ComplexField	Representation of the complex numbers field.
ComplexFormat	Formats a Complex number in cartesian format "Re(c) + Im(c)i".
ComplexUtils	Static implementations of common Complex utilities functions.
CompositeFormat	Base class for formatters of composite objects (complex numbers, vectors ...).
ConfidenceInterval	Represents an interval estimate of a population parameter.
ConjugateGradient	This is an implementation of the conjugate gradient method for RealLinearOperator.
ConjugateGradientFormula	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
Constant	Constant function.
ConstantRealDistribution	Implementation of the constant real distribution.
ContinuedFraction	Provides a generic means to evaluate continued fractions.
ContinuousOutputFieldModel<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class stores all information provided by an ODE integrator during the integration process and build a continuous model of the solution from this.
ContinuousOutputModel	This class stores all information provided by an ODE integrator during the integration process and build a continuous model of the solution from this.
ConvergenceChecker<PAIR>	This interface specifies how to check if an optimization algorithm has converged.
ConvergenceChecker<PAIR>	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
ConvergenceException	Error thrown when a numerical computation can not be performed because the numerical result failed to converge to a finite value.
ConvexHull<S extends Space,P extends Point<S>>	This class represents a convex hull.
ConvexHull2D	This class represents a convex hull in an two-dimensional euclidean space.
ConvexHullGenerator<S extends Space,P extends Point<S>>	Interface for convex hull generators.
ConvexHullGenerator2D	Interface for convex hull generators in the two-dimensional euclidean space.
CorrelatedRandomVectorGenerator	A RandomVectorGenerator that generates vectors with with correlated components.
Cos	Cosine function.
Cosh	Hyperbolic cosine function.
Covariance	Computes covariances for pairs of arrays or columns of a matrix.
CrossoverPolicy	Policy used to create a pair of new chromosomes by performing a crossover operation on a source pair of chromosomes.
CurveFitter<T extends ParametricUnivariateFunction>	Deprecated. As of 3.3.
CurveFitter<T extends ParametricUnivariateFunction>	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
CycleCrossover<T>	Cycle Crossover [CX] builds offspring from ordered chromosomes by identifying cycles between two parent chromosomes.
DBSCANClusterer<T extends Clusterable>	DBSCAN (density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise) algorithm.
DBSCANClusterer<T extends Clusterable<T>>	Deprecated. As of 3.2 (to be removed in 4.0), use DBSCANClusterer instead
DctNormalization	This enumeration defines the various types of normalizations that can be applied to discrete cosine transforms (DCT).
Decimal64	This class wraps a double value in an object.
Decimal64Field	The field of double precision floating-point numbers.
DecompositionSolver	Interface handling decomposition algorithms that can solve A × X = B.
DefaultFieldMatrixChangingVisitor<T extends FieldElement<T>>	Default implementation of the FieldMatrixChangingVisitor interface.
DefaultFieldMatrixPreservingVisitor<T extends FieldElement<T>>	Default implementation of the FieldMatrixPreservingVisitor interface.
DefaultIterativeLinearSolverEvent	A default concrete implementation of the abstract class IterativeLinearSolverEvent.
DefaultMeasurementModel	Default implementation of a MeasurementModel for the use with a KalmanFilter.
DefaultProcessModel	Default implementation of a ProcessModel for the use with a KalmanFilter.
DefaultRealMatrixChangingVisitor	Default implementation of the RealMatrixChangingVisitor interface.
DefaultRealMatrixPreservingVisitor	Default implementation of the RealMatrixPreservingVisitor interface.
DefaultTransformer	A Default NumberTransformer for java.lang.Numbers and Numeric Strings.
DerivativeStructure	Class representing both the value and the differentials of a function.
DescriptiveStatistics	Maintains a dataset of values of a single variable and computes descriptive statistics based on stored data.
Dfp	Decimal floating point library for Java
DfpDec	Subclass of Dfp which hides the radix-10000 artifacts of the superclass.
DfpField	Field for Decimal floating point instances.
DfpField.RoundingMode	Enumerate for rounding modes.
DfpMath	Mathematical routines for use with Dfp.
DftNormalization	This enumeration defines the various types of normalizations that can be applied to discrete Fourier transforms (DFT).
DiagonalMatrix	Implementation of a diagonal matrix.
DifferentiableMultivariateFunction	Deprecated. as of 3.1 replaced by MultivariateDifferentiableFunction
DifferentiableMultivariateMultiStartOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
DifferentiableMultivariateOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
DifferentiableMultivariateVectorFunction	Deprecated. as of 3.1 replaced by MultivariateDifferentiableVectorFunction
DifferentiableMultivariateVectorMultiStartOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
DifferentiableMultivariateVectorOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
DifferentiableUnivariateFunction	Deprecated. as of 3.1 replaced by UnivariateDifferentiableFunction
DifferentiableUnivariateMatrixFunction	Deprecated. as of 3.1 replaced by UnivariateDifferentiableMatrixFunction
DifferentiableUnivariateSolver	Deprecated. as of 3.1, replaced by UnivariateDifferentiableSolver
DifferentiableUnivariateVectorFunction	Deprecated. as of 3.1 replaced by UnivariateDifferentiableVectorFunction
DimensionMismatchException	Exception to be thrown when two dimensions differ.
DiskGenerator	Class generating an enclosing ball from its support points.
DistanceMeasure	Interface for distance measures of n-dimensional vectors.
Divide	Divide the first operand by the second.
DividedDifferenceInterpolator	Implements the Divided Difference Algorithm for interpolation of real univariate functions.
DormandPrince54FieldIntegrator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class implements the 5(4) Dormand-Prince integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations.
DormandPrince54Integrator	This class implements the 5(4) Dormand-Prince integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations.
DormandPrince853FieldIntegrator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class implements the 8(5,3) Dormand-Prince integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations.
DormandPrince853Integrator	This class implements the 8(5,3) Dormand-Prince integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations.
DoubleArray	Provides a standard interface for double arrays.
DoublePoint	A simple implementation of Clusterable for points with double coordinates.
DSCompiler	Class holding "compiled" computation rules for derivative structures.
DstNormalization	This enumeration defines the various types of normalizations that can be applied to discrete sine transforms (DST).
DummyLocalizable	Dummy implementation of the Localizable interface, without localization.
DummyStepHandler	This class is a step handler that does nothing.
EarthMoversDistance	Calculates the Earh Mover's distance (also known as Wasserstein metric) between two distributions.
Edge	Spherical polygons boundary edge.
EigenDecomposition	Calculates the eigen decomposition of a real matrix.
ElitisticListPopulation	Population of chromosomes which uses elitism (certain percentage of the best chromosomes is directly copied to the next generation).
EmbeddedRungeKuttaFieldIntegrator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class implements the common part of all embedded Runge-Kutta integrators for Ordinary Differential Equations.
EmbeddedRungeKuttaIntegrator	This class implements the common part of all embedded Runge-Kutta integrators for Ordinary Differential Equations.
Embedding<S extends Space,T extends Space>	This interface defines mappers between a space and one of its sub-spaces.
EmpiricalDistribution	Represents an empirical probability distribution -- a probability distribution derived from observed data without making any assumptions about the functional form of the population distribution that the data come from.
Encloser<S extends Space,P extends Point<S>>	Interface for algorithms computing enclosing balls.
EnclosingBall<S extends Space,P extends Point<S>>	This class represents a ball enclosing some points.
EnumeratedDistribution<T>	A generic implementation of a discrete probability distribution (Wikipedia) over a finite sample space, based on an enumerated list of <value, probability> pairs.
EnumeratedIntegerDistribution	Implementation of an integer-valued EnumeratedDistribution.
EnumeratedRealDistribution	Implementation of a real-valued EnumeratedDistribution.
EquationsMapper	Class mapping the part of a complete state or derivative that pertains to a specific differential equation.
Erf	This is a utility class that provides computation methods related to the error functions.
Euclidean1D	This class implements a one-dimensional space.
Euclidean1D.NoSubSpaceException	Specialized exception for inexistent sub-space.
Euclidean2D	This class implements a two-dimensional space.
Euclidean3D	This class implements a three-dimensional space.
EuclideanDistance	Calculates the L2 (Euclidean) distance between two points.
EuclideanDoublePoint	Deprecated. As of 3.2 (to be removed in 4.0), use DoublePoint instead
EuclideanIntegerPoint	Deprecated. As of 3.2 (to be removed in 4.0), use DoublePoint instead
EulerFieldIntegrator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class implements a simple Euler integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations.
EulerIntegrator	This class implements a simple Euler integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations.
EvaluationRmsChecker	Check if an optimization has converged based on the change in computed RMS.
EventFilter	Wrapper used to detect only increasing or decreasing events.
EventHandler	This interface represents a handler for discrete events triggered during ODE integration.
EventHandler.Action	Enumerate for actions to be performed when an event occurs.
EventState	This class handles the state for one event handler during integration steps.
ExceptionContext	Class that contains the actual implementation of the functionality mandated by the ExceptionContext interface.
ExceptionContextProvider	Interface for accessing the context data structure stored in Commons Math exceptions.
Exp	Exponential function.
ExpandableStatefulODE	This class represents a combined set of first order differential equations, with at least a primary set of equations expandable by some sets of secondary equations.
Expm1	ex-1 function.
ExponentialDecayFunction	Exponential decay function: a e-x / b, where x is the (integer) independent variable.
ExponentialDistribution	Implementation of the exponential distribution.
FastCosineTransformer	Implements the Fast Cosine Transform for transformation of one-dimensional real data sets.
FastFourierTransformer	Implements the Fast Fourier Transform for transformation of one-dimensional real or complex data sets.
FastHadamardTransformer	Implements the Fast Hadamard Transform (FHT).
FastMath	Faster, more accurate, portable alternative to Math and StrictMath for large scale computation.
FastSineTransformer	Implements the Fast Sine Transform for transformation of one-dimensional real data sets.
FDistribution	Implementation of the F-distribution.
FeatureInitializer	Defines how to assign the first value of a neuron's feature.
FeatureInitializerFactory	Creates functions that will select the initial values of a neuron's features.
Field<T>	Interface representing a field.
FieldBracketingNthOrderBrentSolver<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class implements a modification of the Brent algorithm.
FieldButcherArrayProvider<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This interface represents an integrator based on Butcher arrays.
FieldDecompositionSolver<T extends FieldElement<T>>	Interface handling decomposition algorithms that can solve A × X = B.
FieldElement<T>	Interface representing field elements.
FieldEquationsMapper<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	Class mapping the part of a complete state or derivative that pertains to a set of differential equations.
FieldEventHandler<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This interface represents a handler for discrete events triggered during ODE integration.
FieldEventState<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class handles the state for one event handler during integration steps.
FieldExpandableODE<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class represents a combined set of first order differential equations, with at least a primary set of equations expandable by some sets of secondary equations.
FieldFixedStepHandler<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This interface represents a handler that should be called after each successful fixed step.
FieldHermiteInterpolator<T extends FieldElement<T>>	Polynomial interpolator using both sample values and sample derivatives.
FieldLUDecomposition<T extends FieldElement<T>>	Calculates the LUP-decomposition of a square matrix.
FieldMatrix<T extends FieldElement<T>>	Interface defining field-valued matrix with basic algebraic operations.
FieldMatrixChangingVisitor<T extends FieldElement<?>>	Interface defining a visitor for matrix entries.
FieldMatrixPreservingVisitor<T extends FieldElement<?>>	Interface defining a visitor for matrix entries.
FieldODEState<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	Container for time, main and secondary state vectors.
FieldODEStateAndDerivative<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	Container for time, main and secondary state vectors as well as their derivatives.
FieldRotation<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class is a re-implementation of Rotation using RealFieldElement.
FieldSecondaryEquations<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This interface allows users to add secondary differential equations to a primary set of differential equations.
FieldStepHandler<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This interface represents a handler that should be called after each successful step.
FieldStepInterpolator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This interface represents an interpolator over the last step during an ODE integration.
FieldStepNormalizer<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class wraps an object implementing FieldFixedStepHandler into a FieldStepHandler.
FieldVector<T extends FieldElement<T>>	Interface defining a field-valued vector with basic algebraic operations.
FieldVector3D<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class is a re-implementation of Vector3D using RealFieldElement.
FieldVectorChangingVisitor<T extends FieldElement<?>>	This interface defines a visitor for the entries of a vector.
FieldVectorPreservingVisitor<T extends FieldElement<?>>	This interface defines a visitor for the entries of a vector.
FilterType	Enumerate for filtering events.
FiniteDifferencesDifferentiator	Univariate functions differentiator using finite differences.
FirstOrderConverter	This class converts second order differential equations to first order ones.
FirstOrderDifferentialEquations	This interface represents a first order differential equations set.
FirstOrderFieldDifferentialEquations<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This interface represents a first order differential equations set.
FirstOrderFieldIntegrator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This interface represents a first order integrator for differential equations.
FirstOrderIntegrator	This interface represents a first order integrator for differential equations.
Fitness	Fitness of a chromosome.
FixedElapsedTime	Stops after a fixed amount of time has elapsed.
FixedGenerationCount	Stops after a fixed number of generations.
FixedStepHandler	This interface represents a handler that should be called after each successful fixed step.
Floor	floor function.
Fraction	Representation of a rational number.
FractionConversionException	Error thrown when a double value cannot be converted to a fraction in the allowed number of iterations.
FractionField	Representation of the fractional numbers field.
FractionFormat	Formats a Fraction number in proper format or improper format.
Frequency	Maintains a frequency distribution.
FunctionUtils	Utilities for manipulating function objects.
FuzzyKMeansClusterer<T extends Clusterable>	Fuzzy K-Means clustering algorithm.
Gamma	This is a utility class that provides computation methods related to the Γ (Gamma) family of functions.
GammaDistribution	Implementation of the Gamma distribution.
Gaussian	Gaussian function.
Gaussian.Parametric	Parametric function where the input array contains the parameters of the Gaussian, ordered as follows: Norm Mean Standard deviation
GaussianCurveFitter	Fits points to a Gaussian function.
GaussianCurveFitter.ParameterGuesser	Guesses the parameters norm, mean, and sigma of a Gaussian.Parametric based on the specified observed points.
GaussianFitter	Deprecated. As of 3.3.
GaussianFitter	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
GaussianFitter.ParameterGuesser	Guesses the parameters norm, mean, and sigma of a Gaussian.Parametric based on the specified observed points.
GaussianFitter.ParameterGuesser	Guesses the parameters norm, mean, and sigma of a Gaussian.Parametric based on the specified observed points.
GaussianRandomGenerator	This class is a gaussian normalized random generator for scalars.
GaussIntegrator	Class that implements the Gaussian rule for integrating a weighted function.
GaussIntegratorFactory	Class that provides different ways to compute the nodes and weights to be used by the Gaussian integration rule.
GaussNewtonOptimizer	Gauss-Newton least-squares solver.
GaussNewtonOptimizer	Deprecated. All classes and interfaces in this package are deprecated.
GaussNewtonOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
GaussNewtonOptimizer.Decomposition	The decomposition algorithm to use to solve the normal equations.
GeneticAlgorithm	Implementation of a genetic algorithm.
GeometricDistribution	Implementation of the geometric distribution.
GeometricMean	Returns the geometric mean of the available values.
GillFieldIntegrator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class implements the Gill fourth order Runge-Kutta integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations .
GillIntegrator	This class implements the Gill fourth order Runge-Kutta integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations .
GLSMultipleLinearRegression	The GLS implementation of multiple linear regression.
GoalType	Goal type for an optimization problem (minimization or maximization of a scalar function.
GoalType	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
GradientFunction	Class representing the gradient of a multivariate function.
GradientMultivariateOptimizer	Base class for implementing optimizers for multivariate scalar differentiable functions.
GraggBulirschStoerIntegrator	This class implements a Gragg-Bulirsch-Stoer integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations.
GTest	Implements G Test statistics.
GumbelDistribution	This class implements the Gumbel distribution.
HaltonSequenceGenerator	Implementation of a Halton sequence.
HarmonicCurveFitter	Fits points to a harmonic oscillator function.
HarmonicCurveFitter.ParameterGuesser	This class guesses harmonic coefficients from a sample.
HarmonicFitter	Deprecated. As of 3.3.
HarmonicFitter	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
HarmonicFitter.ParameterGuesser	This class guesses harmonic coefficients from a sample.
HarmonicFitter.ParameterGuesser	This class guesses harmonic coefficients from a sample.
HarmonicOscillator	simple harmonic oscillator function.
HarmonicOscillator.Parametric	Parametric function where the input array contains the parameters of the harmonic oscillator function, ordered as follows: Amplitude Angular frequency Phase
HermiteInterpolator	Polynomial interpolator using both sample values and sample derivatives.
HermiteRuleFactory	Factory that creates a Gauss-type quadrature rule using Hermite polynomials of the first kind.
HighamHall54FieldIntegrator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class implements the 5(4) Higham and Hall integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations.
HighamHall54Integrator	This class implements the 5(4) Higham and Hall integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations.
HitHistogram	Computes the hit histogram.
HypergeometricDistribution	Implementation of the hypergeometric distribution.
Hyperplane<S extends Space>	This interface represents an hyperplane of a space.
Identity	Identity function.
IllConditionedOperatorException	An exception to be thrown when the condition number of a RealLinearOperator is too high.
IllinoisSolver	Implements the Illinois method for root-finding (approximating a zero of a univariate real function).
Incrementor	Deprecated. Use IntegerSequence.Incrementor instead.
Incrementor.MaxCountExceededCallback	Defines a method to be called at counter exhaustion.
InitialGuess	Starting point (first guess) of the optimization procedure.
InitialGuess	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
InsufficientDataException	Exception to be thrown when there is insufficient data to perform a computation.
IntegerDistribution	Interface for distributions on the integers.
IntegerSequence	Provides a sequence of integers.
IntegerSequence.Incrementor	Utility that increments a counter until a maximum is reached, at which point, the instance will by default throw a MaxCountExceededException.
IntegerSequence.Incrementor.MaxCountExceededCallback	Defines a method to be called at counter exhaustion.
IntegerSequence.Range	Generates a sequence of integers.
InterpolatingMicrosphere	Utility class for the MicrosphereProjectionInterpolator algorithm.
InterpolatingMicrosphere2D	Utility class for the MicrosphereProjectionInterpolator algorithm.
Interval	This class represents a 1D interval.
IntervalsSet	This class represents a 1D region: a set of intervals.
IntervalUtils	Factory methods to generate confidence intervals for a binomial proportion.
InvalidRepresentationException	Exception indicating that the representation of a chromosome is not valid.
Inverse	Inverse function.
ISAACRandom	ISAAC: a fast cryptographic pseudo-random number generator ISAAC (Indirection, Shift, Accumulate, Add, and Count) generates 32-bit random numbers.
IterationEvent	The root class from which all events occurring while running an IterationManager should be derived.
IterationListener	The listener interface for receiving events occurring in an iterative algorithm.
IterationManager	This abstract class provides a general framework for managing iterative algorithms.
IterativeLegendreGaussIntegrator	This algorithm divides the integration interval into equally-sized sub-interval and on each of them performs a Legendre-Gauss quadrature.
IterativeLinearSolver	This abstract class defines an iterative solver for the linear system A · x = b.
IterativeLinearSolverEvent	This is the base class for all events occurring during the iterations of a IterativeLinearSolver.
JacobianFunction	Class representing the Jacobian of a multivariate vector function.
JacobianMatrices	This class defines a set of secondary equations to compute the Jacobian matrices with respect to the initial state vector and, if any, to some parameters of the primary ODE set.
JacobianMatrices.MismatchedEquations	Special exception for equations mismatch.
JacobianMultivariateVectorOptimizer	Deprecated. All classes and interfaces in this package are deprecated.
JacobiPreconditioner	This class implements the standard Jacobi (diagonal) preconditioner.
JDKRandomGenerator	Extension of java.util.Random to implement RandomGenerator.
KalmanFilter	Implementation of a Kalman filter to estimate the state xk of a discrete-time controlled process that is governed by the linear stochastic difference equation:
KendallsCorrelation	Implementation of Kendall's Tau-b rank correlation.
KMeansPlusPlusClusterer<T extends Clusterable>	Clustering algorithm based on David Arthur and Sergei Vassilvitski k-means++ algorithm.
KMeansPlusPlusClusterer<T extends Clusterable<T>>	Deprecated. As of 3.2 (to be removed in 4.0), use KMeansPlusPlusClusterer instead
KMeansPlusPlusClusterer.EmptyClusterStrategy	Strategies to use for replacing an empty cluster.
KMeansPlusPlusClusterer.EmptyClusterStrategy	Strategies to use for replacing an empty cluster.
KohonenTrainingTask	Trainer for Kohonen's Self-Organizing Map.
KohonenUpdateAction	Update formula for Kohonen's Self-Organizing Map.
KolmogorovSmirnovDistribution	Deprecated. to be removed in version 4.0 - use KolmogorovSmirnovTest
KolmogorovSmirnovTest	Implementation of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test for equality of continuous distributions.
KthSelector	A Simple Kth selector implementation to pick up the Kth ordered element from a work array containing the input numbers.
Kurtosis	Computes the Kurtosis of the available values.
LaguerreSolver	Implements the Laguerre's Method for root finding of real coefficient polynomials.
LaplaceDistribution	This class implements the Laplace distribution.
LearningFactorFunction	Provides the learning rate as a function of the number of calls already performed during the learning task.
LearningFactorFunctionFactory	Factory for creating instances of LearningFactorFunction.
LeastSquaresAdapter	An adapter that delegates to another implementation of LeastSquaresProblem.
LeastSquaresBuilder	A mutable builder for LeastSquaresProblems.
LeastSquaresConverter	This class converts vectorial objective functions to scalar objective functions when the goal is to minimize them.
LeastSquaresConverter	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
LeastSquaresFactory	A Factory for creating LeastSquaresProblems.
LeastSquaresOptimizer	An algorithm that can be applied to a non-linear least squares problem.
LeastSquaresOptimizer.Optimum	The optimum found by the optimizer.
LeastSquaresProblem	The data necessary to define a non-linear least squares problem.
LeastSquaresProblem.Evaluation	An evaluation of a LeastSquaresProblem at a particular point.
LegendreGaussIntegrator	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
LegendreHighPrecisionRuleFactory	Factory that creates Gauss-type quadrature rule using Legendre polynomials.
LegendreRuleFactory	Factory that creates Gauss-type quadrature rule using Legendre polynomials.
LevenbergMarquardtOptimizer	This class solves a least-squares problem using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm.
LevenbergMarquardtOptimizer	Deprecated. All classes and interfaces in this package are deprecated.
LevenbergMarquardtOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
LevyDistribution	This class implements the Lévy distribution.
LimitAngle	This class represents a 1D oriented hyperplane on the circle.
Line	The class represent lines in a three dimensional space.
Line	This class represents an oriented line in the 2D plane.
LinearConstraint	A linear constraint for a linear optimization problem.
LinearConstraint	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
LinearConstraintSet	Class that represents a set of linear constraints.
LinearInterpolator	Implements a linear function for interpolation of real univariate functions.
LinearObjectiveFunction	An objective function for a linear optimization problem.
LinearObjectiveFunction	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
LinearOptimizer	Base class for implementing linear optimizers.
LinearOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
LineSearch	Class for finding the minimum of the objective function along a given direction.
ListPopulation	Population of chromosomes represented by a List.
Localizable	Interface for localizable strings.
LocalizedFormats	Enumeration for localized messages formats used in exceptions messages.
LocationFinder	Helper class to find the grid coordinates of a neuron.
LocationFinder.Location	Container holding a (row, column) pair.
LoessInterpolator	Implements the Local Regression Algorithm (also Loess, Lowess) for interpolation of real univariate functions.
Log	Natural logarithm function.
Log10	Base 10 logarithm function.
Log1p	log(1 + p) function.
Logistic	Generalised logistic function.
Logistic.Parametric	Parametric function where the input array contains the parameters of the logistic function, ordered as follows: k m b q a n
LogisticDistribution	This class implements the Logistic distribution.
Logit	Logit function.
Logit.Parametric	Parametric function where the input array contains the parameters of the logit function, ordered as follows: Lower bound Higher bound
LogNormalDistribution	Implementation of the log-normal (gaussian) distribution.
LUDecomposition	Calculates the LUP-decomposition of a square matrix.
LutherFieldIntegrator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class implements the Luther sixth order Runge-Kutta integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations.
LutherIntegrator	This class implements the Luther sixth order Runge-Kutta integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations.
MainStateJacobianProvider	Interface expanding first order differential equations in order to compute exactly the main state jacobian matrix for partial derivatives equations.
ManhattanDistance	Calculates the L1 (sum of abs) distance between two points.
MannWhitneyUTest	An implementation of the Mann-Whitney U test (also called Wilcoxon rank-sum test).
MapDataVisualization	Interface for algorithms that compute some metrics of the projection of data on a 2D-map.
MapUtils	Utilities for network maps.
MapVisualization	Interface for algorithms that compute some property of a 2D-map.
MathArithmeticException	Base class for arithmetic exceptions.
MathArrays	Arrays utilities.
MathArrays.Function	Real-valued function that operate on an array or a part of it.
MathArrays.OrderDirection	Specification of ordering direction.
MathArrays.Position	Specification for indicating that some operation applies before or after a given index.
MathIllegalArgumentException	Base class for all preconditions violation exceptions.
MathIllegalNumberException	Base class for exceptions raised by a wrong number.
MathIllegalStateException	Base class for all exceptions that signal that the process throwing the exception is in a state that does not comply with the set of states that it is designed to be in.
MathInternalError	Exception triggered when something that shouldn't happen does happen.
MathParseException	Class to signal parse failures.
MathRuntimeException	As of release 4.0, all exceptions thrown by the Commons Math code (except NullArgumentException) inherit from this class.
MathUnsupportedOperationException	Base class for all unsupported features.
MathUtils	Miscellaneous utility functions.
MatrixDimensionMismatchException	Exception to be thrown when either the number of rows or the number of columns of a matrix do not match the expected values.
MatrixUtils	A collection of static methods that operate on or return matrices.
Max	Maximum function.
Max	Returns the maximum of the available values.
MaxCountExceededException	Exception to be thrown when some counter maximum value is exceeded.
MaxEval	Maximum number of evaluations of the function to be optimized.
MaxIter	Maximum number of iterations performed by an (iterative) algorithm.
Mean	Computes the arithmetic mean of a set of values.
MeasurementModel	Defines the measurement model for the use with a KalmanFilter.
Median	Returns the median of the available values.
MedianOf3PivotingStrategy	Classic median of 3 strategy given begin and end indices.
MersenneTwister	This class implements a powerful pseudo-random number generator developed by Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura during 1996-1997.
MicrosphereInterpolatingFunction	Deprecated. Code will be removed in 4.0.
MicrosphereInterpolator	Deprecated. Code will be removed in 4.0.
MicrosphereProjectionInterpolator	Interpolator that implements the algorithm described in William Dudziak's MS thesis.
MidpointFieldIntegrator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class implements a second order Runge-Kutta integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations.
MidpointIntegrator	This class implements a second order Runge-Kutta integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations.
MidPointIntegrator	Implements the Midpoint Rule for integration of real univariate functions.
MillerUpdatingRegression	This class is a concrete implementation of the UpdatingMultipleLinearRegression interface.
Min	Minimum function.
Min	Returns the minimum of the available values.
Minus	Minus function.
MixtureMultivariateNormalDistribution	Multivariate normal mixture distribution.
MixtureMultivariateRealDistribution<T extends MultivariateRealDistribution>	Class for representing mixture model distributions.
ModelFunction	Deprecated. All classes and interfaces in this package are deprecated.
ModelFunctionJacobian	Deprecated. All classes and interfaces in this package are deprecated.
ModelSpecificationException	Exception thrown when a regression model is not correctly specified.
MonotoneChain	Implements Andrew's monotone chain method to generate the convex hull of a finite set of points in the two-dimensional euclidean space.
MullerSolver	This class implements the Muller's Method for root finding of real univariate functions.
MullerSolver2	This class implements the Muller's Method for root finding of real univariate functions.
MultidimensionalCounter	Converter between unidimensional storage structure and multidimensional conceptual structure.
MultiDimensionMismatchException	Exception to be thrown when two sets of dimensions differ.
MultiDirectionalSimplex	This class implements the multi-directional direct search method.
MultiDirectionalSimplex	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
MultiKMeansPlusPlusClusterer<T extends Clusterable>	A wrapper around a k-means++ clustering algorithm which performs multiple trials and returns the best solution.
MultipleLinearRegression	The multiple linear regression can be represented in matrix-notation.
Multiply	Multiply the two operands.
MultiStartMultivariateOptimizer	Multi-start optimizer.
MultiStartMultivariateVectorOptimizer	Deprecated.
MultiStartUnivariateOptimizer	Special implementation of the UnivariateOptimizer interface adding multi-start features to an existing optimizer.
MultistepFieldIntegrator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class is the base class for multistep integrators for Ordinary Differential Equations.
MultistepIntegrator	This class is the base class for multistep integrators for Ordinary Differential Equations.
MultistepIntegrator.NordsieckTransformer	Deprecated. as of 3.6 this unused interface is deprecated
MultivariateDifferentiableFunction	Extension of MultivariateFunction representing a multivariate differentiable real function.
MultivariateDifferentiableMultiStartOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
MultivariateDifferentiableOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
MultivariateDifferentiableVectorFunction	Extension of MultivariateVectorFunction representing a multivariate differentiable vectorial function.
MultivariateDifferentiableVectorMultiStartOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
MultivariateDifferentiableVectorOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
MultivariateFunction	An interface representing a multivariate real function.
MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapter	Adapter for mapping bounded MultivariateFunction to unbounded ones.
MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapter	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
MultivariateFunctionPenaltyAdapter	Adapter extending bounded MultivariateFunction to an unbouded domain using a penalty function.
MultivariateFunctionPenaltyAdapter	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
MultivariateInterpolator	Interface representing a univariate real interpolating function.
MultivariateJacobianFunction	A interface for functions that compute a vector of values and can compute their derivatives (Jacobian).
MultivariateMatrixFunction	An interface representing a multivariate matrix function.
MultivariateMultiStartOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
MultivariateNormalDistribution	Implementation of the multivariate normal (Gaussian) distribution.
MultivariateNormalMixtureExpectationMaximization	Expectation-Maximization algorithm for fitting the parameters of multivariate normal mixture model distributions.
MultivariateOptimizer	Base class for a multivariate scalar function optimizer.
MultivariateOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
MultivariateRealDistribution	Base interface for multivariate distributions on the reals.
MultivariateSummaryStatistics	Computes summary statistics for a stream of n-tuples added using the addValue method.
MultivariateVectorFunction	An interface representing a multivariate vectorial function.
MultivariateVectorOptimizer	Deprecated.
MutationPolicy	Algorithm used to mutate a chromosome.
NakagamiDistribution	This class implements the Nakagami distribution.
NaNStrategy	Strategies for handling NaN values in rank transformations.
NaturalRanking	Ranking based on the natural ordering on doubles.
NeighbourhoodSizeFunction	Provides the network neighbourhood's size as a function of the number of calls already performed during the learning task.
NeighbourhoodSizeFunctionFactory	Factory for creating instances of NeighbourhoodSizeFunction.
NelderMeadSimplex	This class implements the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm.
NelderMeadSimplex	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
Network	Neural network, composed of Neuron instances and the links between them.
Network.NeuronIdentifierComparator	Comparator that prescribes an order of the neurons according to the increasing order of their identifier.
Neuron	Describes a neuron element of a neural network.
NeuronSquareMesh2D	Neural network with the topology of a two-dimensional surface.
NeuronSquareMesh2D.HorizontalDirection	Horizontal (along row) direction.
NeuronSquareMesh2D.VerticalDirection	Vertical (along column) direction.
NeuronString	Neural network with the topology of a one-dimensional line.
NevilleInterpolator	Implements the Neville's Algorithm for interpolation of real univariate functions.
NewtonRaphsonSolver	Implements Newton's Method for finding zeros of real univariate differentiable functions.
NewtonSolver	Deprecated. as of 3.1, replaced by NewtonRaphsonSolver
NoBracketingException	Exception to be thrown when function values have the same sign at both ends of an interval.
NoDataException	Exception to be thrown when the required data is missing.
NodesSet<S extends Space>	Set of BSP tree nodes.
NoFeasibleSolutionException	This class represents exceptions thrown by optimizers when no solution fulfills the constraints.
NoFeasibleSolutionException	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
NonLinearConjugateGradientOptimizer	Non-linear conjugate gradient optimizer.
NonLinearConjugateGradientOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
NonLinearConjugateGradientOptimizer.BracketingStep	Deprecated. As of v3.3, this class is not used anymore.
NonLinearConjugateGradientOptimizer.Formula	Available choices of update formulas for the updating the parameter that is used to compute the successive conjugate search directions.
NonLinearConjugateGradientOptimizer.IdentityPreconditioner	Default identity preconditioner.
NonLinearConjugateGradientOptimizer.IdentityPreconditioner	Default identity preconditioner.
NonMonotonicSequenceException	Exception to be thrown when the a sequence of values is not monotonically increasing or decreasing.
NonNegativeConstraint	A constraint for a linear optimization problem indicating whether all variables must be restricted to non-negative values.
NonPositiveDefiniteMatrixException	Exception to be thrown when a positive definite matrix is expected.
NonPositiveDefiniteOperatorException	Exception to be thrown when a symmetric, definite positive RealLinearOperator is expected.
NonSelfAdjointOperatorException	Exception to be thrown when a self-adjoint RealLinearOperator is expected.
NonSquareMatrixException	Exception to be thrown when a square matrix is expected.
NonSquareOperatorException	Exception to be thrown when a square linear operator is expected.
NonSymmetricMatrixException	Exception to be thrown when a symmetric matrix is expected.
NordsieckStepInterpolator	This class implements an interpolator for integrators using Nordsieck representation.
NormalApproximationInterval	Implements the normal approximation method for creating a binomial proportion confidence interval.
NormalDistribution	Implementation of the normal (gaussian) distribution.
NormalizedRandomGenerator	This interface represent a normalized random generator for scalars.
NotANumberException	Exception to be thrown when a number is not a number.
NotARotationMatrixException	This class represents exceptions thrown while building rotations from matrices.
NotFiniteNumberException	Exception to be thrown when a number is not finite.
NotPositiveException	Exception to be thrown when the argument is negative.
NotStrictlyPositiveException	Exception to be thrown when the argument is not greater than 0.
NPointCrossover<T>	N-point crossover policy.
NullArgumentException	All conditions checks that fail due to a null argument must throw this exception.
NumberIsTooLargeException	Exception to be thrown when a number is too large.
NumberIsTooSmallException	Exception to be thrown when a number is too small.
NumberTransformer	Subclasses implementing this interface can transform Objects to doubles.
ObjectiveFunction	Scalar function to be optimized.
ObjectiveFunctionGradient	Gradient of the scalar function to be optimized.
ODEIntegrator	This interface defines the common parts shared by integrators for first and second order differential equations.
OLSMultipleLinearRegression	Implements ordinary least squares (OLS) to estimate the parameters of a multiple linear regression model.
OnePointCrossover<T>	One point crossover policy.
OneWayAnova	Implements one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) statistics.
OpenIntToDoubleHashMap	Open addressed map from int to double.
OpenIntToFieldHashMap<T extends FieldElement<T>>	Open addressed map from int to FieldElement.
OpenMapRealMatrix	Sparse matrix implementation based on an open addressed map.
OpenMapRealVector	This class implements the RealVector interface with a OpenIntToDoubleHashMap backing store.
OptimizationData	Marker interface.
OptimizationData	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
OptimizationProblem<PAIR>	Common settings for all optimization problems.
OrderedCrossover<T>	Order 1 Crossover [OX1] builds offspring from ordered chromosomes by copying a consecutive slice from one parent, and filling up the remaining genes from the other parent as they appear.
OrderedTuple	Deprecated. as of 3.4, this class is not used anymore and considered to be out of scope of Apache Commons Math
OrientedPoint	This class represents a 1D oriented hyperplane.
OutlineExtractor	Extractor for polyhedrons sets outlines.
OutOfRangeException	Exception to be thrown when some argument is out of range.
Pair<K,V>	Generic pair.
Parameterizable	This interface enables to process any parameterizable object.
ParameterizedODE	Interface to compute by finite difference Jacobian matrix for some parameter when computing partial derivatives equations.
ParameterJacobianProvider	Interface to compute exactly Jacobian matrix for some parameter when computing partial derivatives equations.
ParameterValidator	Interface for validating a set of model parameters.
ParametricUnivariateFunction	An interface representing a real function that depends on one independent variable plus some extra parameters.
ParetoDistribution	Implementation of the Pareto distribution.
PascalDistribution	Implementation of the Pascal distribution.
PearsonsCorrelation	Computes Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients for pairs of arrays or columns of a matrix.
PegasusSolver	Implements the Pegasus method for root-finding (approximating a zero of a univariate real function).
Percentile	Provides percentile computation.
Percentile.EstimationType	An enum for various estimation strategies of a percentile referred in wikipedia on quantile with the names of enum matching those of types mentioned in wikipedia.
PermutationChromosome<T>	Interface indicating that the chromosome represents a permutation of objects.
PiecewiseBicubicSplineInterpolatingFunction	Function that implements the bicubic spline interpolation.
PiecewiseBicubicSplineInterpolator	Generates a piecewise-bicubic interpolating function.
PivotingStrategyInterface	A strategy to pick a pivoting index of an array for doing partitioning.
PivotSelectionRule	Pivot selection rule to the use for a Simplex solver.
Plane	The class represent planes in a three dimensional space.
Point<S extends Space>	This interface represents a generic geometrical point.
PointValuePair	This class holds a point and the value of an objective function at that point.
PointValuePair	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
PointVectorValuePair	This class holds a point and the vectorial value of an objective function at that point.
PointVectorValuePair	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
PoissonDistribution	Implementation of the Poisson distribution.
PolygonsSet	This class represents a 2D region: a set of polygons.
PolyhedronsSet	This class represents a 3D region: a set of polyhedrons.
PolynomialCurveFitter	Fits points to a polynomial function.
PolynomialFitter	Deprecated. As of 3.3.
PolynomialFitter	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
PolynomialFunction	Immutable representation of a real polynomial function with real coefficients.
PolynomialFunction.Parametric	Dedicated parametric polynomial class.
PolynomialFunctionLagrangeForm	Implements the representation of a real polynomial function in Lagrange Form.
PolynomialFunctionNewtonForm	Implements the representation of a real polynomial function in Newton Form.
PolynomialSolver	Interface for (polynomial) root-finding algorithms.
PolynomialSplineFunction	Represents a polynomial spline function.
PolynomialsUtils	A collection of static methods that operate on or return polynomials.
Population	A collection of chromosomes that facilitates generational evolution.
Pow	Power function.
PowellOptimizer	Powell's algorithm.
PowellOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
Power	Power function.
Precision	Utilities for comparing numbers.
PreconditionedIterativeLinearSolver	This abstract class defines preconditioned iterative solvers.
Preconditioner	This interface represents a preconditioner for differentiable scalar objective function optimizers.
Preconditioner	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
Primes	Methods related to prime numbers in the range of int: primality test prime number generation factorization
ProcessModel	Defines the process dynamics model for the use with a KalmanFilter.
Product	Returns the product of the available values.
ProperBigFractionFormat	Formats a BigFraction number in proper format.
ProperFractionFormat	Formats a Fraction number in proper format.
PSquarePercentile	A StorelessUnivariateStatistic estimating percentiles using the P2 Algorithm as explained by Raj Jain and Imrich Chlamtac in P2 Algorithm for Dynamic Calculation of Quantiles and Histogram Without Storing Observations.
PSquarePercentile.PSquareMarkers	An interface that encapsulates abstractions of the P-square algorithm markers as is explained in the original works.
QRDecomposition	Calculates the QR-decomposition of a matrix.
QuantizationError	Computes the quantization error histogram.
QuasiSigmoidDecayFunction	Decay function whose shape is similar to a sigmoid.
Quaternion	This class implements quaternions (Hamilton's hypercomplex numbers).
RandomAdaptor	Extension of java.util.Random wrapping a RandomGenerator.
RandomData	Deprecated. to be removed in 4.0.
RandomDataGenerator	Implements the RandomData interface using a RandomGenerator instance to generate non-secure data and a SecureRandom instance to provide data for the nextSecureXxx methods.
RandomDataImpl	Deprecated. to be removed in 4.0.
RandomGenerator	Interface extracted from java.util.Random.
RandomGeneratorFactory	Utilities for creating RandomGenerator instances.
RandomKey<T>	Random Key chromosome is used for permutation representation.
RandomKeyMutation	Mutation operator for RandomKeys.
RandomPivotingStrategy	A strategy of selecting random index between begin and end indices.
RandomVectorGenerator	This interface represents a random generator for whole vectors.
RankingAlgorithm	Interface representing a rank transformation.
RealDistribution	Base interface for distributions on the reals.
RealFieldElement<T>	Interface representing a real field.
RealFieldUnivariateFunction<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	An interface representing a univariate real function.
RealLinearOperator	This class defines a linear operator operating on real (double) vector spaces.
RealMatrix	Interface defining a real-valued matrix with basic algebraic operations.
RealMatrixChangingVisitor	Interface defining a visitor for matrix entries.
RealMatrixFormat	Formats a nxm matrix in components list format "{{a00,a01, ..., a0m-1},{a10, a11, ..., a1m-1},{...},{ an-10, an-11, ..., an-1m-1}}".
RealMatrixPreservingVisitor	Interface defining a visitor for matrix entries.
RealTransformer	Interface for one-dimensional data sets transformations producing real results.
RealVector	Class defining a real-valued vector with basic algebraic operations.
RealVectorChangingVisitor	This interface defines a visitor for the entries of a vector.
RealVectorFormat	Formats a vector in components list format "{v0; v1; ...; vk-1}".
RealVectorPreservingVisitor	This interface defines a visitor for the entries of a vector.
RectangularCholeskyDecomposition	Calculates the rectangular Cholesky decomposition of a matrix.
Region<S extends Space>	This interface represents a region of a space as a partition.
Region.Location	Enumerate for the location of a point with respect to the region.
RegionFactory<S extends Space>	This class is a factory for Region.
RegressionResults	Results of a Multiple Linear Regression model fit.
RegulaFalsiSolver	Implements the Regula Falsi or False position method for root-finding (approximating a zero of a univariate real function).
Relationship	Types of relationships between two cells in a Solver LinearConstraint.
Relationship	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
ResizableDoubleArray	A variable length DoubleArray implementation that automatically handles expanding and contracting its internal storage array as elements are added and removed.
ResizableDoubleArray.ExpansionMode	Specification of expansion algorithm.
RiddersSolver	Implements the Ridders' Method for root finding of real univariate functions.
Rint	rint function.
RombergIntegrator	Implements the Romberg Algorithm for integration of real univariate functions.
RootsOfUnity	A helper class for the computation and caching of the n-th roots of unity.
Rotation	This class implements rotations in a three-dimensional space.
RotationConvention	This enumerates is used to differentiate the semantics of a rotation.
RotationOrder	This class is a utility representing a rotation order specification for Cardan or Euler angles specification.
RRQRDecomposition	Calculates the rank-revealing QR-decomposition of a matrix, with column pivoting.
RungeKuttaFieldIntegrator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class implements the common part of all fixed step Runge-Kutta integrators for Ordinary Differential Equations.
RungeKuttaIntegrator	This class implements the common part of all fixed step Runge-Kutta integrators for Ordinary Differential Equations.
S1Point	This class represents a point on the 1-sphere.
S2Point	This class represents a point on the 2-sphere.
SearchInterval	Search interval and (optional) start value.
SecantSolver	Implements the Secant method for root-finding (approximating a zero of a univariate real function).
SecondaryEquations	This interface allows users to add secondary differential equations to a primary set of differential equations.
SecondMoment	Computes a statistic related to the Second Central Moment.
SecondOrderDifferentialEquations	This interface represents a second order differential equations set.
SecondOrderIntegrator	This interface represents a second order integrator for differential equations.
Segment	Simple container for a two-points segment.
Segment	Simple container for a two-points segment.
SelectionPolicy	Algorithm used to select a chromosome pair from a population.
SemiVariance	Computes the semivariance of a set of values with respect to a given cutoff value.
SemiVariance.Direction	The direction of the semivariance - either upside or downside.
Side	Enumerate representing the location of an element with respect to an hyperplane of a space.
Sigmoid	Sigmoid function.
Sigmoid.Parametric	Parametric function where the input array contains the parameters of the sigmoid function, ordered as follows: Lower asymptote Higher asymptote
Signum	signum function.
SimpleBounds	Simple optimization constraints: lower and upper bounds.
SimpleBounds	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
SimpleCurveFitter	Fits points to a user-defined function.
SimplePointChecker<PAIR extends Pair<double[],? extends Object>>	Simple implementation of the ConvergenceChecker interface using only point coordinates.
SimplePointChecker<PAIR extends Pair<double[],? extends Object>>	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
SimpleRegression	Estimates an ordinary least squares regression model with one independent variable.
SimpleUnivariateValueChecker	Simple implementation of the ConvergenceChecker interface that uses only objective function values.
SimpleUnivariateValueChecker	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
SimpleValueChecker	Simple implementation of the ConvergenceChecker interface using only objective function values.
SimpleValueChecker	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
SimpleVectorValueChecker	Simple implementation of the ConvergenceChecker interface using only objective function values.
SimpleVectorValueChecker	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
SimplexOptimizer	This class implements simplex-based direct search optimization.
SimplexOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
SimplexSolver	Solves a linear problem using the "Two-Phase Simplex" method.
SimplexSolver	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
SimpsonIntegrator	Implements Simpson's Rule for integration of real univariate functions.
Sin	Sine function.
Sinc	Sinc function, defined by
SingularMatrixException	Exception to be thrown when a non-singular matrix is expected.
SingularOperatorException	Exception to be thrown when trying to invert a singular operator.
SingularValueDecomposition	Calculates the compact Singular Value Decomposition of a matrix.
Sinh	Hyperbolic sine function.
Skewness	Computes the skewness of the available values.
SmoothedDataHistogram	Visualization of high-dimensional data projection on a 2D-map.
SmoothingPolynomialBicubicSplineInterpolator	Deprecated. To be removed in 4.0 (see MATH-1166).
SobolSequenceGenerator	Implementation of a Sobol sequence.
SolutionCallback	A callback object that can be provided to a linear optimizer to keep track of the best solution found.
Space	This interface represents a generic space, with affine and vectorial counterparts.
SparseFieldMatrix<T extends FieldElement<T>>	Sparse matrix implementation based on an open addressed map.
SparseFieldVector<T extends FieldElement<T>>	This class implements the FieldVector interface with a OpenIntToFieldHashMap backing store.
SparseGradient	First derivative computation with large number of variables.
SparseRealMatrix	Marker interface for RealMatrix implementations that require sparse backing storage
SparseRealVector	Marker class for RealVectors that require sparse backing storage
SpearmansCorrelation	Spearman's rank correlation.
Sphere1D	This class implements a one-dimensional sphere (i.e.
Sphere1D.NoSubSpaceException	Specialized exception for inexistent sub-space.
Sphere2D	This class implements a two-dimensional sphere (i.e.
SphereGenerator	Class generating an enclosing ball from its support points.
SphericalCoordinates	This class provides conversions related to spherical coordinates.
SphericalPolygonsSet	This class represents a region on the 2-sphere: a set of spherical polygons.
SplineInterpolator	Computes a natural (also known as "free", "unclamped") cubic spline interpolation for the data set.
Sqrt	Square-root function.
SquareNeighbourhood	Defines neighbourhood types.
StableRandomGenerator	This class provides a stable normalized random generator.
StandardDeviation	Computes the sample standard deviation.
StatisticalMultivariateSummary	Reporting interface for basic multivariate statistics.
StatisticalSummary	Reporting interface for basic univariate statistics.
StatisticalSummaryValues	Value object representing the results of a univariate statistical summary.
StatUtils	StatUtils provides static methods for computing statistics based on data stored in double[] arrays.
StepFunction	Step function.
StepHandler	This interface represents a handler that should be called after each successful step.
StepInterpolator	This interface represents an interpolator over the last step during an ODE integration.
StepNormalizer	This class wraps an object implementing FixedStepHandler into a StepHandler.
StepNormalizerBounds	Step normalizer bounds settings.
StepNormalizerMode	Step normalizer modes.
StoppingCondition	Algorithm used to determine when to stop evolution.
StorelessCovariance	Covariance implementation that does not require input data to be stored in memory.
StorelessUnivariateStatistic	Extends the definition of UnivariateStatistic with StorelessUnivariateStatistic.increment(double) and StorelessUnivariateStatistic.incrementAll(double[]) methods for adding values and updating internal state.
SubCircle	This class represents a sub-hyperplane for Circle.
SubHyperplane<S extends Space>	This interface represents the remaining parts of an hyperplane after other parts have been chopped off.
SubHyperplane.SplitSubHyperplane<U extends Space>	Class holding the results of the split method.
SubLimitAngle	This class represents sub-hyperplane for LimitAngle.
SubLine	This class represents a subset of a Line.
SubLine	This class represents a sub-hyperplane for Line.
SubOrientedPoint	This class represents sub-hyperplane for OrientedPoint.
SubPlane	This class represents a sub-hyperplane for Plane.
Subtract	Subtract the second operand from the first.
Sum	Returns the sum of the available values.
SummaryStatistics	Computes summary statistics for a stream of data values added using the addValue method.
SumOfClusterVariances<T extends Clusterable>	Computes the sum of intra-cluster distance variances according to the formula:
SumOfLogs	Returns the sum of the natural logs for this collection of values.
SumOfSquares	Returns the sum of the squares of the available values.
SupportBallGenerator<S extends Space,P extends Point<S>>	Interface for generating balls based on support points.
SymmetricGaussIntegrator	This class's implements integrate method assuming that the integral is symmetric about 0.
SymmLQ	Implementation of the SYMMLQ iterative linear solver proposed by Paige and Saunders (1975).
SynchronizedDescriptiveStatistics	Implementation of DescriptiveStatistics that is safe to use in a multithreaded environment.
SynchronizedMultivariateSummaryStatistics	Implementation of MultivariateSummaryStatistics that is safe to use in a multithreaded environment.
SynchronizedRandomGenerator	Any RandomGenerator implementation can be thread-safe if it is used through an instance of this class.
SynchronizedSummaryStatistics	Implementation of SummaryStatistics that is safe to use in a multithreaded environment.
Tan	Tangent function.
Tanh	Hyperbolic tangent function.
Target	Deprecated. All classes and interfaces in this package are deprecated.
Target	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
TDistribution	Implementation of Student's t-distribution.
TestUtils	A collection of static methods to create inference test instances or to perform inference tests.
ThreeEighthesFieldIntegrator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>>	This class implements the 3/8 fourth order Runge-Kutta integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations.
ThreeEighthesIntegrator	This class implements the 3/8 fourth order Runge-Kutta integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations.
TiesStrategy	Strategies for handling tied values in rank transformations.
TooManyEvaluationsException	Exception to be thrown when the maximal number of evaluations is exceeded.
TooManyIterationsException	Exception to be thrown when the maximal number of iterations is exceeded.
TopographicErrorHistogram	Computes the topographic error histogram.
TournamentSelection	Tournament selection scheme.
Transform<S extends Space,T extends Space>	This interface represents an inversible affine transform in a space.
TransformerMap	This TansformerMap automates the transformation of mixed object types.
TransformType	This enumeration defines the type of transform which is to be computed.
TransformUtils	Useful functions for the implementation of various transforms.
TrapezoidIntegrator	Implements the Trapezoid Rule for integration of real univariate functions.
TriangularDistribution	Implementation of the triangular real distribution.
TricubicInterpolatingFunction	Function that implements the tricubic spline interpolation, as proposed in Tricubic interpolation in three dimensions, F.
TricubicInterpolator	Generates a tricubic interpolating function.
TricubicSplineInterpolatingFunction	Deprecated. To be removed in 4.0 (see MATH-1166).
TricubicSplineInterpolator	Deprecated. To be removed in 4.0 (see MATH-1166).
TrivariateFunction	An interface representing a trivariate real function.
TrivariateGridInterpolator	Interface representing a trivariate real interpolating function where the sample points must be specified on a regular grid.
TTest	An implementation for Student's t-tests.
Ulp	ulp function.
UnboundedSolutionException	This class represents exceptions thrown by optimizers when a solution escapes to infinity.
UnboundedSolutionException	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
UncorrelatedRandomVectorGenerator	A RandomVectorGenerator that generates vectors with uncorrelated components.
UnifiedDistanceMatrix	U-Matrix visualization of high-dimensional data projection.
UniformCrossover<T>	Perform Uniform Crossover [UX] on the specified chromosomes.
UniformIntegerDistribution	Implementation of the uniform integer distribution.
UniformRandomGenerator	This class implements a normalized uniform random generator.
UniformRealDistribution	Implementation of the uniform real distribution.
UnitSphereRandomVectorGenerator	Generate random vectors isotropically located on the surface of a sphere.
UnivariateDfpFunction	Deprecated. as of 3.6, replaced with RealFieldUnivariateFunction
UnivariateDifferentiableFunction	Interface for univariate functions derivatives.
UnivariateDifferentiableMatrixFunction	Extension of UnivariateMatrixFunction representing a univariate differentiable matrix function.
UnivariateDifferentiableSolver	Interface for (univariate real) rootfinding algorithms.
UnivariateDifferentiableVectorFunction	Extension of UnivariateVectorFunction representing a univariate differentiable vectorial function.
UnivariateFunction	An interface representing a univariate real function.
UnivariateFunctionDifferentiator	Interface defining the function differentiation operation.
UnivariateIntegrator	Interface for univariate real integration algorithms.
UnivariateInterpolator	Interface representing a univariate real interpolating function.
UnivariateMatrixFunction	An interface representing a univariate matrix function.
UnivariateMatrixFunctionDifferentiator	Interface defining the function differentiation operation.
UnivariateMultiStartOptimizer<FUNC extends UnivariateFunction>	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
UnivariateObjectiveFunction	Scalar function to be optimized.
UnivariateOptimizer	Base class for a univariate scalar function optimizer.
UnivariateOptimizer	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
UnivariatePeriodicInterpolator	Adapter for classes implementing the UnivariateInterpolator interface.
UnivariatePointValuePair	This class holds a point and the value of an objective function at this point.
UnivariatePointValuePair	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
UnivariateSolver	Interface for (univariate real) root-finding algorithms.
UnivariateSolverUtils	Utility routines for UnivariateSolver objects.
UnivariateStatistic	Base interface implemented by all statistics.
UnivariateVectorFunction	An interface representing a univariate vectorial function.
UnivariateVectorFunctionDifferentiator	Interface defining the function differentiation operation.
UnknownParameterException	Exception to be thrown when a parameter is unknown.
UpdateAction	Describes how to update the network in response to a training sample.
UpdatingMultipleLinearRegression	An interface for regression models allowing for dynamic updating of the data.
ValueAndJacobianFunction	A interface for functions that compute a vector of values and can compute their derivatives (Jacobian).
ValueServer	Generates values for use in simulation applications.
Variance	Computes the variance of the available values.
Vector<S extends Space>	This interface represents a generic vector in a vectorial space or a point in an affine space.
Vector1D	This class represents a 1D vector.
Vector1DFormat	Formats a 1D vector in components list format "{x}".
Vector2D	This class represents a 2D vector.
Vector2DFormat	Formats a 2D vector in components list format "{x; y}".
Vector3D	This class implements vectors in a three-dimensional space.
Vector3DFormat	Formats a 3D vector in components list format "{x; y; z}".
VectorFormat<S extends Space>	Formats a vector in components list format "{x; y; ...}".
VectorialCovariance	Returns the covariance matrix of the available vectors.
VectorialMean	Returns the arithmetic mean of the available vectors.
Vertex	Spherical polygons boundary vertex.
WeibullDistribution	Implementation of the Weibull distribution.
Weight	Deprecated. All classes and interfaces in this package are deprecated.
Weight	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
WeightedEvaluation	Weighted evaluation for statistics.
WeightedObservedPoint	This class is a simple container for weighted observed point in curve fitting.
WeightedObservedPoint	Deprecated. As of 3.1 (to be removed in 4.0).
WeightedObservedPoints	Simple container for weighted observed points used in curve fitting algorithms.
Well1024a	This class implements the WELL1024a pseudo-random number generator from François Panneton, Pierre L'Ecuyer and Makoto Matsumoto.
Well19937a	This class implements the WELL19937a pseudo-random number generator from François Panneton, Pierre L'Ecuyer and Makoto Matsumoto.
Well19937c	This class implements the WELL19937c pseudo-random number generator from François Panneton, Pierre L'Ecuyer and Makoto Matsumoto.
Well44497a	This class implements the WELL44497a pseudo-random number generator from François Panneton, Pierre L'Ecuyer and Makoto Matsumoto.
Well44497b	This class implements the WELL44497b pseudo-random number generator from François Panneton, Pierre L'Ecuyer and Makoto Matsumoto.
Well512a	This class implements the WELL512a pseudo-random number generator from François Panneton, Pierre L'Ecuyer and Makoto Matsumoto.
WelzlEncloser<S extends Space,P extends Point<S>>	Class implementing Emo Welzl algorithm to find the smallest enclosing ball in linear time.
WilcoxonSignedRankTest	An implementation of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
WilsonScoreInterval	Implements the Wilson score method for creating a binomial proportion confidence interval.
ZeroException	Exception to be thrown when zero is provided where it is not allowed.
ZipfDistribution	Implementation of the Zipf distribution.